The updated guidelines recognize the limitations of BMI alone in diagnosing obesity and recommend a multidimensional approach incorporating body fat assessment (e.g., DEXA, waist ratios) and evaluation of organ dysfunction or functional limitations. Obesity is classified as clinical or preclinical, with management centered on prevention, personalization, and functional health outcomes

This new IDF Global Clinical Practice Recommendations for Managing Type 2 Diabetes – 2025 provide healthcare professionals with contemporary framework for effective management of diabetes. The recommendations are based on the review of the latest therapeutic and technological evidence.

A global analysis spotlighted a 57.6% reduction in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)-related mortality and a 63.5% decline in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between 1990 and 2021. In 2021, India saw the highest number of deaths (295) and DALYs (26,219), though both reflected a ~57% decrease since 1990. Early diagnosis and improved treatment strategies are needed to lower the burden of PAH.

A latest meta-analysis revealed that men are more likely to develop Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunoreactivity than women. By age 30, men showed 1.4 times higher conversion rates, with male-to-female prevalence ratios increasing with age—1.07 in teens, 1.13 in adults aged 20-39, and 1.28 in those over 40. Researchers suggest that higher exposure and longer infectious periods may contribute to this disparity.

Long-term research showed that effective diabetes control may protect against eye diseases. Compared to those with controlled diabetes (HbA1c < 6.5), uncontrolled or undiagnosed diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6.5) elevated the risk of diabetic eye disease (OR 1.20) and macular degeneration (OR 1.38), while non-diabetics had a 1.29 times increased risk of glaucoma. Blood sugar control showed no link with cataract risk.

A global meta-analysis of over 63,000 pregnant women highlighted that those with isolated hypothyroxinemia had a heightened risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared to euthyroidism (6.5% vs. 3.5%). Low free thyroxine (FT4) levels, elevated free triiodothyronine (FT3), and a high FT3-to-FT4 ratio also increased the risk of GDM. No link was seen for TSH and thyroid antibodies.